This review of the literature is a comprehensive study of the multidimensional and intricate interaction of the relationship between rural politics, identity, and development. By critically examining the research that has been done in the past, this paper addresses the ways in which legislation has historically dictated and further dictates the lives of the rural community in any part of the world. The review dwells upon how the rural communities tend to be marginalized and excluded in the policymaking processes, hence not being represented and voiced in the development agenda. It also discusses the way the rural identity is created and enacted in legislative structures and supports the development of stereotypes and strengthens the established power relations. The review points out the crucially of comprehending the intersectionality of rural politics, rural identity, and rural development, and how aspects of gender, class, race, and ethnicity interact with rurality. It continues to argue that the policymakers should be able to appreciate the complexity of these issues to help them address the special needs of rural communities and achieve more balanced and sustainable development results. The literature review is based on various theoretical outlooks, which consist of poststructuralist thought, critical discourse analysis, and intersectionality theory, and offers an insightful and balanced explanation of the connection between rural politics, identity, and development. It ends by noting that there is a need to make the policy-making process more participatory and inclusive, putting the voices and experiences of rural communities at the center. The purpose of the review is to add to the existing knowledge regarding the multifaceted nature of rural politics, identity, and development in the long run with the goal of informing better policy interventions that would foster social justice and equity in rural settings.
In recent years, climate change has displaced millions of people around the world. South Asia—particularly Pakistan—is among the most vulnerable regions, where re-current floods, droughts, and extreme heat events have forced large segments of the population to migrate in search of safety and livelihoods. Despite this growing crisis, no comprehensive study has systematically examined the key factors driving cli-mate-induced migration in Pakistan. In this context, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and 2024, drawing from Google Scholar and Web of Science, to identify and synthesize the multidimensional drivers of climate-induced migration. Our analysis categorizes these drivers into three intersecting vulnerability domains: socioeconomic (income inequality, landlessness, limited access to healthcare and education, gender disparities), geographical (hazard exposure, terrain, water scarcity, slowonset events like droughts and heatwaves), and historical-structural (colonial legacies, tribal norms, land conflicts, governance failures, and gendered social structures). Findings reveal that climate-induced migration is not solely a response to environmental hazards but is shaped by overlapping vulnerabilities that compound risk. Research to date has focused disproportionately on flood-induced displacement, with limited attention to slow-onset disasters. A critical insight emerging from the review is the heightened vulnerability of women, who face systemic barriers, increased exposure to violence, and restricted access to relief and recovery resources during displacement. This review highlights the urgent need for integrated, risk-informed migration policies that address deep-rooted socioeconomic inequalities, strengthen institutional capacities, and ensure genderresponsive planning. Tackling the structural drivers of vulnerability is essential for enabling safe, dignified, and adaptive forms of climate mobility in Pakistan.
Fusarium wilt disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is one of destructive vascular disease of tomato in Pakistan and worldwide. Its management with chemicals is very costly and harmful for living organisms. The use of bioagents has been recognized a safe option for the eco-friendly management of diseases. Different bioagents were tested in lab and fields against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. The highest inhibition 89.63% of the test fungus was noted by Trichoderma harzianum followed by Neurospora sp. 87.40% in the food poison method. In pot experiments the T. harzianum was found as highly effectual then Neurospora sp., Chaetomium subaffine and Arthrinium sp. providing minimum disease incidence and lowest mortality percent at higher and medium concentrations. The highest plant biomass and lowest root infection percent were noted in T. harzianum followed by Neurospora sp., C. subaffine and Arthrinium sp. at higher, medium and lower doses, whereas the lowest response was recorded by Nigrospora sphaerica and Dermateaceae sp. In in-vivo trials, the highest response was observed by T. harzianum followed by Neurospora sp., Arthrinium sp., N. sphaerica, respectively. The highest fruit yield was recorded by T. harzianum 6.66 (kg) followed by Neurospora sp. 5.66 (kg). Interestingly, Neurospora sp., Arthrinium sp., N. sphaerica, and Dermateaceae sp. have been first time recognized in the current study as potential bioagents against fusarium wilt of tomato. Based on the findings, it is suggested that T. harzianum and Neurospora sp., may be used as potential bioagents for ecofriendly biological management of tomato wilt disease.
The following work tries to make an approach between two disciplines: physics and economics, since the application of the preliminaries proposed by physics from the approaches of Paul Dirac (1928). Then we try to apply the determinant of the matrices obtained by the physicist to an interaction of two classic productive factors: capital and labour, but not before reviewing the main production functions that have analysed this relationship. Finally, the application of the determinant is exposed to analyse the location of eleven countries in relation to their productive factors. It is considered that the application of the determinant can be constituted as an element of analysis to observe the behaviour of the interaction between these productive factors in different countries. The Dirac´s preliminaries are an example of divergent thought, which can explain the relation between productive factors in different countries.
Organ donation, although an eminently altruistic practice, based on helping one's neighbour, is poorly represented among representatives of religious denominations. This cannot be generalized, but a simple search for studies or research, works on organ donation from a religious perspective, their number is visibly narrowed, most of them referring to religion as a reason "for" or "against" donation of organs. Thus, studies reflect and assume a religious vision is in very small numbers and make only a weak proof of church voices in this regard. For this reason I believe that identifying the vision of organ donation among the representatives of the Christian Orthodox Church is a necessary illustrative step in the Romanian space.
The work is devoted to the selection of the reflector design to ensure a more uniform heating of the product during the infrared drying process. With the help of the program, the optical system of heat supply was simulated and the radiation density distribution over the surface of the tray was investigated. There were selected parameters of the parabolic emitter. Experiments on infrared drying of grapes with and without the selected reflector have been carried out. The simulated reflector allows reducing the difference in moisture content of the dry product located at the periphery and in the center of the tray.
Geotechnical site investigations are essential in determining subsoil stratigraphy and soil strength and is considered compulsory for foundations. The soil type depends on the type of rock, its mineral constituents and the area's climate regime. A typical soil/rock profile of Jamshoro area with an established expansive soil issue, along with geotechnical properties of the expansive shale is reported in this research. Apart from laboratory investigations, the other geotechnical parameters such as shear wave velocity, modulus of elasticity of soil demined from different correlations cited in different literature. Whether the expansive soils are wet, dry and/or saturated, they experience volumetric changes and results in ground heave and settlement problems. This research is dedicated to determining the geotechnical properties of expansive shale by field and laboratory tests. From the study it was observed that the soil of study area is highly expansive in nature and contains montmorillonite with higher values of liquid and plasticity index, and therefore exhibits higher swelling pressure and volume changes. The soil activity is greater than 7 and thus giving an indication of sodium (Na) montmorillonite. The shale has higher value of SPT N values and dense to hard in nature and higher values of modulus of elasticity. The present study would be beneficial for feasibility studies, preparing geotechnical site investigations for large-scale projects, and designing small-scale projects.