Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects tens of millions of people globally and is frequently associated with many comorbidities. Its economic burden on the patient, family, and society is heavy. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the outpatient medical costs of patients with PD to those of controls (non-PD group: people without Parkinson's disease) to understand potential future challenges in caring for PD patients. Methods: We identified 2,746 PD patients as the PD group and 5,492 persons, matched in age, gender, and significant comorbidities, as the non-PD group from the National Health Insurance (NHI) database in Taiwan. We calculated the costs and explored the differences in outpatient care costs, including medicines of different classes. Results: The total outpatient payment by NHI in 2013 for PD patients was 77,096 per person. In contrast, it was 40,259 for the non-PD group. For outpatient care in the PD group, the costs of (a) diagnostic fees, (b) medicines, (c) laboratories, images, small operations, and management, (d) unique medical materials, and (e) pharmacist service fees were (a) 12,093, (b) 33,412, (c) 30,254, (d) 1,729, and (e) 1,816, respectively. The non-PD group's costs were (a) 8,981, (b) 19,711, (c) 23,124, (d) 1,345, and (e) 1,181. Neurotic disorders and organic psychotic conditions are present at a much higher frequency in the PD group. Functional GI disorders were more common, too. Finally, the cost of tranquilizers is significantly higher in PD patients. Conclusion: Patients with Parkinson's Disease incur higher medical expenses compared to control groups. The increased reliance on tranquilizers suggests that PD patients face not only a significant economic burden but also substantial mental strain. Therefore, integrating psychotherapy with medical treatment may be essential for effectively supporting individuals with PD.

The labor protection policies that policy makers implement to regulate the labor market are critical to labor productivity and unemployment rates. The theory generally holds that employment protect8on ra8ses the costs of layoffs for f8rms. Policy makers consider at the theory framework that it is possible to protect employment and reduce unemployment with Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). There 8s a large l8terature descr8b8ng the effects of str8ct EPL on employment and unemployment rates across countr8es. However, 8t 8s d8ff8cult to be prec8se about the est8mates of the effects of employment protect8on on youth unemployment and labour product8v8ty. The aim of this article is to investigate whether EPL is an important determinant of labor productivity and unemployment rates (unemployment and youth unemployment) in OECD countries during the period 2004-2019 using panel data analysis. The results show that EPL can reduce labor productivity by affecting employment decisions in the labor market.

The Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TTIR; Middle Corridor (MC)) presents significant potential, as it may evolve into a reliable and competitive route compared to traditional routes and contribute to substantial economic development and trade facilitation. The present research aims to realize the tangible benefits of MC to Georgia from the perspective of Georgian stakeholders, identify gaps and areas for improvement, and transcend the mere transit economy status. This research was conducted through consultations with stakeholders, including logistics companies, ports, rail, and state entities, all of which possess extensive experience in MC. Research shows that Georgia's strategic location, a key transit point between Asia and Europe, plays a crucial role in the MC and can further strengthen its geopolitical position. MC offers Georgia unique economic growth opportunities, benefiting from increased trade flows and potential investments in infrastructure. This research identifies the challenges facing MC, which extend beyond Georgia's control, necessitating active participation from all countries along the route to uniformly develop infrastructure. Success depends on comprehensive coordination among parties, complete digitalization of the corridor, and a transparent pricing structure. This research describes the various initiatives taken by Georgia. Such initiatives include active engagement in digital projects led by the World Bank, UN, TRACECA, CAREC, and the construction of a deep-sea port in Anaklia, among others.

Handball is a high-intensity team sport characterized by rapid gameplay, requiring agility, coordination, and strategic decision-making. It integrates fundamental motor skills such as running, throwing, and jumping with complex movement patterns that enhance both physical and cognitive performance. The sport’s dynamic nature demands a combination of strength, speed, endurance, and technical precision, making it an effective means of developing overall athletic ability. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the training process and performance development of a high school handball team. Specifically, the research examines whether the pandemic negatively influenced athletes' physical preparedness and sports performance over a six-month training period conducted as part of the physical education and sports curriculum. The study sample consisted of 18 male students, born between 2007 and 2008, who actively participated in the training program. The findings indicate that the pandemic did not have a detrimental effect on the athletes’ performance. A comparative analysis of pre- and post-training assessments demonstrated an improvement in key performance indicators. Based on the arithmetic mean values derived from centralized data tables, the 50-meter sprint performance showed an enhancement, with the mean time decreasing from 7.9 seconds in the initial assessment to 7.8 seconds in the final assessment, reflecting a 0.1- second improvement. Additionally, the standing long jump results improved by 5 cm in the final evaluation compared to the initial test. Technical execution speed also exhibited positive changes, with a recorded improvement of 0.9 seconds between the initial and final assessments. These results suggest that the structured training program implemented during the study period contributed to enhanced physical performance, despite the disruptions caused by the pandemic. Further research with larger sample sizes and extended training periods is recommended to validate these findings and explore additional performance parameters.

Tip60 is identified as HIV-1-encoded transactivator Tat interacting protein, 60 Kd. The crucial role of Tip60 on cell signaling is a main reason for its targeting by the HIV-1- encoded transactivator Tat. Tip60 was subsequently identified as a specific member of the MYST (Moz-Ybf2/Sas3-Sas2-Tip60) family of nuclear histone acetyltransferases (HAT). Yes Associated Protein (YAP) is both localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. YAP is identified as a key determinant of their functions in Hippo signal transduction pathway. To better understand the biological function of YAP, the characterization of the proteins which interact with it is required. With WW domain of YAP ligand specificity information, the specific motif ( 406LPPY409) which can bind to the YAP WW domain is recognized. Thereafter, we demonstrated for the first time that the motif interacts with WW domain of YAP, resulting in the direction of chromatin decondensation by Tip60 HAT activity and its co-transactivator role. Further, we noticed that the acetylation on 494 and 497 lysine residues of YAP by Tip60 is also enhanced through these protein interactions, when DNA damage is introduced. Thus, our observations suggested a new sight on the molecular role of YAP as a co- transactivator to direct Tip60 binding site on the chromatin with its WW domain interaction.

The rapid pace of urbanization has exacerbated traffic congestion, necessitating innovative solutions to enhance urban mobility. This study presents a novel urban rail transit line design system leveraging a three-dimensional Geographic Information System (3D GIS) integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM). The system integrates K-means clustering algorithms and GIS functionalities to generate optimized rail transit designs. Performance tests confirm the system's reliability and effectiveness, revealing significant advantages in design time, cost, and scientific precision compared to traditional methods. Notably, the system achieved 86% user satisfaction, though only 24% expressed willingness to adopt it, primarily due to cultural and implementation challenges. This research highlights the potential of combining GIS and BIM technologies for sustainable urban traffic solutions, while underscoring the need to address human-centric considerations for widespread acceptance.

Background: The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) has been proposed as a valid and reliable instrument (Smith et al., 1995) to assess psychological skills in a number of athletic populations. Its extensive application history covers a wide variety of competitive, mainly team-based sports, but there has been no published verification of the ACSI-28's psychometric properties when applied to Thai national athletics team. Purpose: The current study examined (1) the factorial validity of a Thai version of ACSI-28; (2) the measurement (configural, metric, scalar, and variance) invariance of a shortened version of ACSI-23 across gender, age, types, and classification of sports; (3) the latent factor mean difference between gender, age, and sport groups. Method: A total of 408 athletes (217 males, 191 females) in Thai national athletics team participated in Hangzhou 2022 Asian Games were surveyed using the Thai version of The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28). The mean athlete age was 22.52(SD = 5.93) years, with a range of 14 to 55. Data were conducted using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multi-group CFAs. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) test supported the multidimensionality of the shortened version of in the ACSI-23. The ACSI-23 is invariant across gender, age, type and classification of sports at both configural, full metric, full scalar, and full variance levels. Findings from latent mean comparisons showed that males reported higher coping with adversity/concentration (CONC), confidence and achievement motivation (CONF), goal setting and mental preparation (GOAL), and freedom from worry(FREE). Athletes 21 years of age or over had a higher score than athletes 20 years under on confidence and achievement motivation (CONF) and goal setting and mental preparation (GOAL). Individual sports athletes had more coping with adversity/ concentration (CONC) than team sports athletes. Outdoor sortsathletes had significantly lower confidence and achievement motivation (CONF), goal setting and mental preparation (GOAL), and freedom from worry (FREE) than indoor sports athletes. Conclusion: Findings suggest the Thai version of ACSI-23 is a valid scale for measuring Thai athletes’ coping skills.

A 36 years old male, presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, on 7th February 2020 with the complaint of swelling on the left side of the face for more than 1 year. \nThe swelling was 7 x 7 cm in size, intact and palpable, starting from the Zygomatic arch and extending to the lower border of the mandible. The swelling was firm, non-tender, non-fluctuant, non-pulsatile, well localized, with well-defined margins, and overlying skin appear normal, without any other complaint of pain, burning sensation, or paresthesia (Fig 1). The intraoral examination revealed intact occlusion, poor oral hygiene, dentate and normal oral mucosa with non-significant bony contours. Mouth opening 40 mm. No deviation of the mandible on opening and closing (Fig 2).

THe concepts of homomorphism on implicative algebras is introduced. Deifferent isomorphism theorems have been proved.

Introduction. Today, the influenza virus is one of the main causes of disease in people of different ages and social groups. The virulence and pathogenic properties of the influenza virus are largely due to the presence of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein and neuraminidase proteins, which provide infection and reproduction of this pathogen in the cell. Sequencing and analysis is an important component of epidemiological monitoring, which includes the early detection of circulating influenza viruses, as well as the identification of new subtypes that may cause an epidemic outbreak. To prevent epidemiological complications and develop an effective diagnosis, information on the structure of the obtained samples of influenza virus is needed. The aim of the study was to investigate the polymorphism of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and nucleoprotein of H1N1 and H7N9 strains of avian influenza A virus, to investigate its strain specificity and the effect on the domain structure of these proteins by bioinformatics methods. Materials and methods. The amino acid sequences of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and nucleoprotein of influenza A and H7N9 virus strains were analyzed, and the domains of these proteins were determined. Results and discussion. According to the results of the study, the polymorphism of the studied proteins of influenza A and H7N9 influenza A strains was calculated. The type and localization of mutations in amino acid regions are shown. The product domains of the studied amino acid sequences were determined. The influence of protein polymorphism on domain formation is shown. The specificity of amino acid sequences of the studied proteins for strains A H1N1 and H7N9 is shown. Conclusions. Conservative and variable regions of the amino acid sequences HA, NA and NP were identified. The absence of protein sequences identical in amino acid composition in strains H1N1 and H7N9 is shown. The possibility of identifying strains A H1N1 and H7N9 by polymorphism of these proteins was determined. No effect of polymorphism of amino acid sequences of HA, NA and NP strains of influenza A H1N1 and H7N9 virus on the domain composition of these proteins is shown

In this study, it was aimed to obtain Al2O3 from waste Tetra Pak packages by using the hydrometallurgical method. Tetra Pak recycling has become an increasingly researched topic around the world. Cellulose, polyethylene and aluminum, which form the structure of Tetra Pak packages, are raw materials that can be reused after recycling. Cellulose was separated from Tetra Pak\'s structure by hydropulping process and polyethylene was separated from Tetra Pak\'s structure by leaching with HCl, and optimum parameters of these processes were investigated in experimental studies. Aluminum in the structure was dissolved in acid solution with 100% efficiency in the experiments carried out with 0.1750 M and 0.1312 M acid concentration. Aluminum, which was dissolved in acid solution, was obtained as the AlCl3 phase and precipitated as Al(OH)3 with the addition of 100% stoichiometric NaOH, and the precipitates were calcined at 950 ºC for 1 hour to obtain the Al2O3 structure. The materials used in the experimental studies and the products obtained as a result of these experiments were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) / Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and optical microscopy techniques.

Background: Practicing physical exercise is a way of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and it has been demonstrated that it benefits and improves quality of life after labour. Aim: To determine whether a workout programme using the Low-Pressure Fitness methodology has an impact on the Health-Related Quality of Life after labour. Material and Method: We carried out a 12-weeks randomized clinical trial. It started at week 16 after labour and ended at postpartum week 28. Women followed a moderate intensity workout programme in the treatment group and we had a control group of sedentary women to perform a comparison. We used the SF-36v2 questionnaire at the postpartum weeks 16 and 28 to assess the Health-Related Quality of Life in women. Results: We found statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in general health components, vitality, emotional role, and mental health in the sample group of exercise group of women, who obtained a higher score. We found statistically significant differences in all aspects between the postpartum weeks 16 and 28. The interaction between time and group affect in general health components, vitality, emotional role and the score of mental component. In all of them the score is higher at week 28 and in the Exercise group. Conclusions: Physical exercise improves Health-Related Quality of Life after labour. We found that, when both the treatment and control groups are categorized by body-mass index, this kind of exercise was not determinant to improve the postpartum Health-Related Quality of Life.

Deposition of ZnS films by dip-coating from molecular ink is reported. ZnS molecular ink is formulated by dissolving zinc acetate and thiourea in methanol. Films are prepared by dip-coating of ZnS precursor films and subsequently heating in air at 200 oC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of films and Raman shift spectrum confirmed the formation of nanocrystalline cubic ZnS. Examination of surface morphology of films by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) revealed that films are smooth with rms roughness of 2 nm with spherical grains of 5 – 10 nm. The films have high transparency in the wavelength range of 400 – 1000 nm and band gap of 3.9 eV.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of birth weight index on motor, cognitive function and relationship with some personality characteristics of children. The mean age was 8, 04 ± 1. Population for this study included of 32 low birth weight and 35 normal birth students randomly selected. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 test was used to assess motor function and Draw-A- Person Color test was used to assess cognitive function and personality characteristics. The result of MANOVA ANALYSES and t test indicated that normal birth children had significantly better performance in fine Motor Function and cognitive function compared to children with low birth weight. In addition, the result of Spearman correlation ANALYSES found no significant relationship between the personality traits of the two groups. The findings revealed that children with normal birth had higher performance in some motor and cognitive performance compared to children with low birth weight. Therefore, it is necessary for children to benefit from intensive care and exercise interventions in terms of motor and cognition from the very first years of life.

Enhanced giant magnetism is observed in the nano-sized ( 7 – 27 Å ) punched graphene nanodisks (PGNDs) i.e., zigzag-edged triangular PGNDs (ZET-PGNDs) by passivating each unsaturated external/internal carbon atom by 2 H atoms. We employ an ab-initio method for the study of the physical properties of these ZET-PGNDs. The topological frustration of the ╥ bonds and the induced spin distributions in graphene structures enhances the net magnetic moment in a PGND depending on its size and on the type of punching. By increasing the dimensions of a ZET-PGND, one may enhance the magnetic moment in these passivated ZET-PGNDs beyond the nanoscale at room temperature. Various types of the electronic and spintronic devices possessing exotic features can be generated from these punched graphene fragments.

The following contribution aims to analyse the main elements and motives underlying Heidegger’s critique of Rilke\'s Eighth Elegy, elements and motifs which appear in their own right in the 1942/43 university course that Heidegger gave in Freiburg and which resulted in the volume entitled Parmenides. Here, in fact, the philosopher confronts, among other things, one of Rilke\'s most famous works and, going well beyond the exegesis of the text, puts forward an interpretation of the work itself in which Rilke and his Eighth Elegy are, so to speak, accused of using and developing concepts and themes proper to metaphysical thought.

The thermogravimetric analysis of coconut husk waste biomass was conducted at 10, 20, and 30°C/min in static atmospheric condition. The physicochemical characterizations of coconut husk waste (CHW) have been carried out using different analytical techniques. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using iso-conversional model free methods including Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Starink, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), respectively. The obtained average activation energy values for CHW are found to be.17, 230.38, and 229.87 kJ/mol, respectively for FWO, KAS, and Starink models, respectively. The apparent activation energy was found increased for different degree conversions might be due to multiple degradation reactions. The average value of enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy for CHW are reported. The study finding for CHW biomass shows huge potential in bio-refinery industries for modelling and designing of pyrolysis reactors for sustainable bio-fuel production.

Flame retardants (FRs) are a diverse group of chemicals used as additives in a wide range of products to inhibit, suppress, or delay ignition and to prevent the spread of fire. We have developed a flame-retardant epoxy resin whose flame retardancy is greatly enhanced by adding fly ash (a by-product from thermal power plants). Applying the fly ash eliminates the need to use current retardants such as organic halogen compounds and thus promotes the perceived environmental safety of flameretardant epoxy resin. Review focuses on studies aiming to enhance the flame retardancyof epoxy resin using eco-friendly additives Fly ash. Flame retardant additives of Fly ash were embedded in epoxy resin-Flyash to improve the resin’s resistance to oxidation. Fly ash is a fire product after coal combustion of thermal power plants. The main components are SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and CaO oxides. Fly ash has a smooth spherical shape, particle size <10μm. The results show that the flame retardant of the material gives good results when using 20 wt.% fly ash. The limiting oxygen index value (LOI) and UL94 test indicated improvement of flame retardancy of the composites. Study mechanical properties: tensible strength, compressive strength, flexural strength and impact strength Izod. The results of this work suggest that Fly ash will be a potential fire retardant alternative to petroleum-based flame retardant additives.

In order to determine the modelling of the drying of banana and eggplants, stochastic modelling approaches such as AR (Autoregressive), ARX (Autoregressive exogenous) and ARMAX (Autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs) techniques were applied and compared to regression analysis, in this study. According to the obtained results, a more realistic and accurate drying model has been achieved by the application of stochastic modelling approaches than the most frequently used and considered models in the literature. The drying experiments were performed on three microwave power levels of P3 (250W), P5 (500W), and P7 (700W), and three levels of thickness (3.5 mm, 6.5mm and 9.5 mm) for eggplants while three levels of thickness (2.5 mm, 5mm and 7.5 mm) for banana to measure the effects of different drying conditions on drying kinetics of eggplants and banana in a microwave dryer. Four different commonly used mathematical models from the literature were fitted to the experimental data with regression analysis. Among of these models, the Page model was found to be more suitable for predicting the drying processes of both banana and eggplants. The stochastic modelling technique and regression models were compared to each other in terms of advantages and disadvantages for expressing the microwave drying characteristics of banana and eggplants. Higher R2 and lower RMSE values were obtained than those of the Page model, when the stochastic modelling approaches were used. Additionally, the stochastic modelling approaches provided better than the sensitivity of accuracy rate of 0.011% in the estimation of dimensionless moisture ratio.

Given the prevalence of violence in Ukrainian families, measures to prevent parental abusive treatment against children are urgent. It is important to study today’s youth awareness about violence within families in order to enhance a culture of engagement with spouses and children in future.\nThe aim of the study is to examine students` reflective experiences and their attitudes towards forms, frequency, causes and effects of parental abusive treatment.\nDuring the research the following methods were used step-by-step: theoretical analyses of scientific resources, anonymous questionnaire, quantitative and correlation analyses. \nAccording to result of survey 98 students who were interviewed, none of them fell victim of sexual abuse in their families. However, more than a half (51%) of the students surveyed experienced some forms of parental physical punishment. All the interviewed students encountered psychological cases of parental violence. The most prevalent forms of parental abuse among the interviewees are criticism, negative comparison, emotional detachment, arrogance, intimidation, blackmail and humiliation. The most prevalent consequences of parental abuse among students are anxiety, low self-esteem, insecurity, impatience, suspiciousness, constraint in communication.\nStudents agree that budget limitations, forced labor, criticism, spanking, emotional detachment, ignoring type of communication, reproach, blackmail are acceptable methods of punishment to use when raising their own children. These results clearly demonstrate the problem of the impact of parental abuse on children and its consequences in the future.

If we consider the role of education and its implications in the formation of a critical and conscious user of architecture, it is obvious that the development of educational strategies related to our common space and environment become fundamental. The comprehension of the concept of sustainable development is essential. Therefore, it is worth reflecting on how to develop proper programs at all educational levels to promote critical and responsible attitudes towards the common environment covering all the aspects that should shape the concepts of sustainable spatial and environmental development, enhancing at the same time great freedom regarding the formal aspects of architecture.\nThe ideas presented in the article are supported by an empirical research on the image of architecture and the environment, held among secondary school students. The research based on the idea that one of the most efficient critical attitudes towards the world would be to develop an unconditional tie of the art work with everyday life conditions. That is why part of the activities within the research was devoted to recycling relevant architectural spaces. The results show a very heterogeneous image of architecture in the eyes of the students which sometimes overvalues contrasts and originality, disregarding tradition.